Research on Malaria in Moyale District Essay Example for Free

Research on Malaria in Moyale District EssayThe term Malaria originates from Medieval Italian Mala aria which mean bad air and the complaint was formerly knelled Ague or Marsh fever delinquent to its association with swamps and marshland, (Watkins, 2001). Scientific studies on Malaria do their first significant advance in 1880, when Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran a French army doctor working in the soldiers hospital of Constantine in Algeria observed malaria plasmodium parasites inside the red blood cell of mountain hold uping from Malaria.Documentation of report on discovery of origin of Malaria, unmatchable of the deadliest indispositions of humanity shows that Chimpanzees, native to equatorial Africa have been place as the original source of the parasite that likely moved from them to humans via mosquitoes. Wolfe, (2009) identified several parasites from Chimpanzee that show Malarial jumped from animal to human. Malaria is transmitted by Anopheline mosquitoes the t our and typewrite of which determine the extent of transmission in a given area. The plasmodium falciparum accounts for the majority of infections and is just ab prohibited lethal. contagious disease is affected by climate and geography and often coincides with the rainy season. In WHO/UNICEF, (2005) report malaria is one of the most devastating world(prenominal) public health problems with more than one million final stages and approximately 300-500 million cases of malaria annually. WHO, (2010) report, Malaria is by far the worlds worse tropical parasitic disease, and kills more masses than any some other communicable disease. Several studies observed that malaria kills more than 3,000 children daily and is the single most important factor for deathrate among children low the age of louvre.Additionally, an estimated 25 million pregnant women are at luck of malaria. Malaria is endemic in a total of 101 countries and territories 45 countries in WHOs African region, 21 in W HOs American region, 4 in WHOs European region, 14 in WHOs Eastern Mediterrarian Region, 8 In WHOs South East Asia region, and 9 in WHOs Western Pacific region, (report from global health council on impact of infectious diseases. ) WHO, (2007) report has shown that malaria has reached epidemic proportions in many regions of the world and continues to spreading unchecked.In many regions of developing countries malaria exacts an enormous toll in lives, medical costs, and in age of poke lost. According to Roll-Back Malaria (RBM), over 40 per cent of the originations children live in malaria-endemic countries and 107 countries and territories are at risk of malaria transmission. Malaria buzz offs 24 percent of under- 5 deaths in Equatorial Guinea (UNICEF 2008). Malaria is preventable, if adequate resources are invested in prevention. well-nigh 98 percent of Equatorial Guineans live in areas with endemic risk of malaria only only one percent of children under basketball team dol lar bill sleeps under insecticide-treated nets.This is far fewer than in other Countries with similar malaria risk. This suggests short-staffed efforts to prevent malaria that would contribute to the realization of the right to health of both children and adults. Children under the age of v, pregnant women, and mess living with HIV and AIDS are at loftyest risk for developing clinical malaria. More than 80 per cent of these cases occur in sub-Saharan Africa. WHO/RBM, (2004). Malaria is a primary cause of poverty, putting additional burdens on health systems and costing Africa an estimated 12 billion USDs in lost production both year.The spread of the disease is fuelled by several factors climate change, increasing population mobility, more frequent international transport, emergence of multi drug-resistant strains, and military and economic deterioration. Abuja summit in Nigeria in the year 2000, 44 African leaders reaffirmed their lading to roll back malaria and set interim t arget for Africa. They challenged other world leaders to join them in recognizing the importance of tackling malaria as a disease of poverty.Following the Abuja summit, Africa Malaria Day was declared as a day to celebrate on malaria and a subsequent UN resolution declared 2001-2010. Roll Back Malaria, particularly in Africa, giving prominence to Malaria in United Nations Millennium Development Goals. The Africa Malaria report, released in the year 2003/capital of Kenya/Geneva/New York by the World Health Organization (WHO 2005), and the United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), utter the death toll from malaria remains outrageously high-with a child dying in every 30 seconds.The report gives an African situation for the struggle against the diseases and highlights the urgent film to make effective anti-malarial treatment for sale to most at risk. The roll back Malaria chess openings has made considerable progress since it was launched in 1998, but we need to make up to combat a devastating disease which is holding back the development of many African countries, states Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland, Director-General of WHO. Nationally Malaria has been a serious public health problem in most Districts of Kenya and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality rate in Kenya.With more than 70% of the Kenyas population living in areas where malaria is transmitted, Malaria is trusty for approximately 30% of out-patient visits (requiring more than eight million out-patient treatments each year), and 19% of all hospital admissions. At least 14,000 children are hospitalized annually for malaria, and there are an estimated 34,000 deaths among children under-five each year. Annually, an estimated six thousand pregnant women suffer from malaria-associated anemia, and four thousand babies are born with low birth weight as a egress of maternal anemia, report from government health facility in 2007.Economically, it is estimated that 170 million working days are lost each y ear because of malaria illness. Culture and scummy access to health facilities lead to increase in cases of malaria. The main thing peculiar with children under 5 years is that many cannot sleep under net due to incapability of their parent especially in rural areas, because of the few wages they scarce get from their casual work. Most children again play outside in the grasses or near waste pipe where mosquitos breeds thus are exposed to mosquito bites.In local situation Malaria is the highest causes death of many people in the region of Moyale and districts of North Eastern province bordering Moyale district from east. Malaria claims the life of 1,500 in the year 1998 and out of that 45 death in Wajir district (Daily Nation, Thursday, February 1998). Sololo Mission Hospital reported the admission of 67 people. come to the fore of 67people, 25 children of less than five years were reported cases of malaria (SMH/1999). 1. 2 problem articulation/ statement Malaria is Worlds most important parasite infectious disease. over 2 billion people are at risk between 300 and 500 million episodes and over 1 million deaths annually, WHO, (2005). Over 90% of malaria burden are in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria is one of the planets deadliest diseases and one of the leading causes of sickness and death in the developing world. Documentation also show that Malaria affect child cognitive, physical development and leads to poor school attendance. Malaria also leads to malnutrition and anemic condition in children. More so it also affects adults ability to make a living and care for their families.At country level malaria affects trade, tourism and unlike direct investment and there is significant correlation between malaria and poverty. An average GDP in malarias countries is five times lower than in non-malarias countries 1. 3 Objectives of the study To establish factors that lead to high prevalence of Malaria in children under five years in Obbu Division, Moyale District. 1. 4 Specific objectives 1. To determine socio-demographic factors impart to Malaria prevalence among the under five children in Obbu division. 2. To establish the level of knowledge on Malaria, among caregivers of children under five in Obbu Division. . 5 Research questions 1. What are the main factors contributing to high prevalence of Malaria among the under five children in Obbu division? 2. What is the knowledge level of care givers of children under five years about the risk factors of late treatment and prevention of Malaria? 3. To what extent the level of knowledge on Malaria, among caregivers of children under five in Obbu Division? 1. 6. Hypothesis/assumption There were no factors that contribute to prevalence of malaria in children less than five years in Obbu Division of Solol District 1. 7 Justification of the study.Malaria outbreak in mid July 2012, number of cases diagnosed were 82, and 8 out of 10 reported death were children under five (Malaria/SMH/ 20012/3). The p revalence was precipitated by illiteracy, migration life-style of pastoralists community and uncontrolled border intermingling and refugees from neighboring countries like Ethiopia and Somali as revealed by the study of Diseases extravasation Management Unit-DOMU (2002). Socio demographic factors and knowledge about the diseases control and prevention attracted a lot of concern that call for research in these factors.Obbu division has few documentation of the study, so this will be helpful to academia as it will be used as document of references for a researcher in the akin area of study. The government or other stakeholders will benefit from the findings and may take intervention measures for exercise the Ministry of public health to educate people on the better prevention methods. The findings of the study will be used by people of the study area to plan for the prevention of the malaria, since it is preventable at every household. 1. 8 Scope of the studyTo investigate main f actors contributing to high prevalence of Malaria among children less than five years of age in Obbu division of Moyale district. . 1. 9 Limitations 1. Data collection during interview was difficult due to migration of the population but the settlement around the centre of each four location was targeted. 2. Cost of getting trained research assistant was challenging. 3. The study was limited to factors contributing to prevalence of malaria in children less than five years of age. 2. 0 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1. 0 Origin of malaria.The history of malaria replete with a number of theories about its aetiology, the earliest theory was the Miasmatic. This theory postulated that swamp air contained chemicals which had been freed from rotting wood. This air was what was amenable for causing malaria (Ransford 1983). It was because of this theory that double storey buildings were preferred during the early days of the colonial period as it was believed that miasma did not rise abo ve ground level (Ransford 1983) and that the miasma was thought to spread horizontally (King and King 1992).Ransford and Friedson claim that Africans were the ones who first recognized the link between mosquitoes and malaria (Ransford 1983 Friedson 1996) and in the West it was only cognize later through the pioneering works of Patrick Mason, Ronald Ross, Grassi and others around the 1890s. 2. 1. 1 Prevalence of Malaria. There are 300-500 million clinical cases of Malaria each year resulting in 1. 5 to 2. 7 million deaths (WHO, 2005). Global viral forecasting initiative and standard university, made the discovery published in the Aug. 2009 proceedings of the National academy of sciences Wolfe, (2009). Malaria in most countries of Western Pacific and Regional Organizations has significantly declined in the period 1992 to 2000. There is widespread consensus that the change to Artemisinin found Combination (ACT) in Vietnam was a significant factor in the 98% drop in malaria mortality between 1992 and 2002. The geographical area affected by malaria has shrunk considerably over the past 50 years, but control is becoming more difficult and gains are being eroded.Increased risk of the disease is conjugated with changes in land use linked to activities like road building, mining, logging and Agricultural and irrigation projects, particularly in frontier areas like the rain forests. Other causes of its spread include global climatic change, disintegration of health services, armed conflicts and mass movements of refugees. According to citation from the August 97 issue of the American magazine the Atlantic Monthly entitled Resurgence of a Deadly Disease by Ellen Rippel Shell.