Joachim von Ribbentrops Memoir :: essays research papers

In his prison cell at Nuremberg, Hitlers foreign minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, wrote a brief memoir in the course of which he explored the reasons for Germanys defeat. He picked out three factors that he thought were critical the unexpected power of resistance of the Red Army the vast supply of American armaments and the success of Allied air power. This last was Hitlers explanation too. When Ribbentrop spoke with him a week before the suicide in the bunker, Hitler told him that, the real military cause of defeat was the chastening of the German Air Force.For the consort in World War Two, the defeat of Germany was their priority.For all his many failings Ribbentrop was fill upr to the truth than he might have realised. For the Allies in World War Two, the defeat of Germany was their priority. Italy and Japan never posed the same kind of threat as the European superpower they fought alongside. Their defeat, costly though it was, became irresistible. The key to ending the worl d crisis was the defeat of Hitlers Germany. This outcome was not pre-ordained, as is so often suggested, once the British Empire was joined by the USSR and the regular army in 1941. The Allies had to mobilise and utilise their large resources effectively on the battlefield and in the air. This outcome could not be taken for granted. British forces were close to defeat allwhere in 1942. The American economy was a peacetime economy, apparently unprepared for the colossal demands of total war. The Soviet system was all but tattered in 1941, two-thirds of its heavy industrial capacity captured and its vast air and tank armies destroyed. This was a war, Ribbentrop ruefully concluded, that Germany could have won.Soviet resistance was in some ways the most surprising outcome. The German attackers believed that Soviet Communism was a corrupt and primitive system that would collapse, in Goebbels words like a pack of cards. The evidence of how gravely the Red Army fought in 1941 confirme d these expectations. More than five million Soviet soldiers were captured or killed in six months they fought with astonishing bravery, but at every level of combat were out-classed by troops that were better armed, better trained and better led.

Descartes Essay -- essays research papers

Descartes is famed by is familiar notion, &8220I think therefore I am (Cogito, ergo sum.). It is a conclusion he has reached in his second meditation after much deliberation on the existence of anything certain. After he discovers his ability to doubt and to understand , he is subject to substantiate his necessary existence as a consequence. What we doubt or understand may not ultimately correspond, but we can never be uncertain that we are in the process of thought. This idea is a major component in Descartes&8217 proof of the external world. He relies on the existence of a non-deceiving God to ensure that an external world exists after calling it into doubt by the invocation of the dream argument. In this argument, Descartes suggests the possibility that none of our ideas are caused by external objects and therefore, such objects may not exist. He also raises the idea of a demon that may deceive us and allow us to discern what is not really there. Although he assures himself of his own existence by his modes of thought, he remains uncertain of the reality of an external world. He doubts whether there is anything of material warmheartedness that provokes thought within him rather than it being conceived in his mind completely independent of anything else. Descartes then considers those reasons that have inclined him to believe these material things exist in the past. &8220I know by experience that these ideas do not depend upon m...

Same Sex Marriages Should be Legal Essay example -- Argumentative Pers

Same Sex Marriages Should be Legal Flowers, candles, and music are all part of a wedding. As the organist plays Here Comes the Bride, I signalize this is where the similarities end. The bride, who is a woman, is marrying a groom, who is also a woman. Single-sex marriages are only allowed in a few states. However, single-sex marriages should be pay back legal so that couples could enjoy the advantages of marriage. Legalizing single-sex marriage would pee-pee more family units and create more tolerance from rules of order, allowing single-sex couples a legal way of expressing their love to each other. One of the major complaints of heterosexuals against homosexuals is that homosexuals are involved in umpteen sexual relationships instead of a monogamous relationship. If the country would allow same-sex marriages, the people involved would feel as if they could seek out life-long companions. The couples relationship would have a goal that is accepted by society. This goal is the sa me as heterosexual couples goal, which is to find that special someone to spend a lifetime with until death do us part. Sheila and Annette, friends of mine, have lived together since high school. Sheila and Annette would marry if they were allowed the opportunity. Sheilas concern is that the gay lifestyle is encouraged to be permissive because of societys rejection of same-sex marriage. She has a friend, Alice, who has had thirty different partners. Alice says that changing so often is allowable because there are no legal attach contracts to hold one in a relationship. Alice feels that if same-sex relationships had some sort of binding contract, she would be more careful in entering into a serious relationship. So, if the country would legalize same-sex m... ...want a family, and want to be accepted by society just as heterosexual people want that special person, want to raise children, and want to be accepted by society. So, as I square up the happy couple stroll down the aisle with smiles on their faces and joy in their hearts, excited about their future together, I am happy that at least this state allows same-sex marriage. Hopefully in the future all states will allow people freedom to choose who they want to be with for a lifetime. The demonstrable outcomes could be beneficial not only to the homosexual community by allowing them a binding contract of marriage, but also to many children who could grow up in an atmosphere of two adults loving and interacting together as a family unit. Love is what all humans want and need, whatever package it may come in. Society needs to relax and permit people to love whom they want.

The Unwavering Character of James Fenimore Coppers Deerslayer :: Character Analysis, Deerslayer

The Unwavering Character of James Fenimore Coppers DeerslayerJames Fenimore Copper presents Deerslayer as a man of integrity, virtue, and honor. He is a warrior who lives by his word. Even if the situation places his life in jeopardy, he refuses to abandon what he believes in and what he says he forget do. Deerslayers greatest display of character and honor is seen when he refuses to compromise his standards even though it threatens his life.After saving Hist from the Hurons, Deerslayer was taken captive by them. The Hurons respected Deerslayer for his honesty and integrity and therefore treated him accordingly. When the judgment of conviction came for Deerslayer to pay for his crimes the Hurons devised a situation that would spare his life. To pay for the life Deerslayer took the Indians requested that Deerslayer stay among their people and generate for the fallen Indians family and take the widow for his wife. Take the gun go forth and shoot a deer bring the venison and la y it before the widow run away her children call yourself her husband (Cooper 458). To take an Indian wife went against Deerslayers beliefs and convictions. Marrying a woman outside his religion and traditions would cause him to compromise his morals and standards. Even though marrying the Indian woman would spare his life he politely objects and refuses their conditions. I feared this, answered Deerslayer,I did dread that it would come to this. He then proceeds to explain to Mingo, I m white, and Christian born twould ill become me to take a wife, under redskin forms, from among the heathen. That which I wouldnt do in peaceable timestill less would I do behind clouds, in order to save my life (Cooper 458)

Alcohol Abuse Essay -- Diseases, Disorders

Alcohol is the most commonly used drug in the United States. Although the consumption of alcoholic beverage by itself is not a social problem, the straight and excessive use of alcohol can become problematic. There are four symptoms associated with alcohol dependence which are craving, loss of control, physical dependence, and tolerance. 17.6 million People, or one in every 12 adults, suffer from alcohol abuse or dependence along with several million more who engage in risky, binge drinking patterns that could lead to alcohol problems. (National Council on intoxication and Drug Dependence, n.d.) The United States has banned drugs such as heroin, LSD, and marijuana in the United States be brace they state that these drugs dangerous and that these drugs have no medical purpose. Should the United States ban the sale of alcohol? Why would people put something poisonous inside their body that would cause bodily harm? Everyday people do that when they consume alcohol. Alcohol can have long lasting effects that can lead to flagitious health complications later in life. Studies have shown that long-term alcohol abuse produces serious, harmful effects on a variety of the bodys organ systems. Parts of the kind-hearted body most affected include the liver and the immune, cardiovascular, and skeletal systems. (Alcohol Research & Health Winter 2000) Heavy alcohol use is the leading cause of infirmity and death from liver disease in the United States. Deaths from chronic liver disease are among 4 times higher among Native Americans and Alaska Natives than among the rest of the U.S. population. Alcoholism is a not a curable disease but it can be treated. There are several different ways to treat Alcoholism. sink prevention uses methods for recognizing problem... ...nts. Those suffering from PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) were more likely to be associated with alcohol than those who do not appear to have any symptoms. industrial plant CitedNational Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. (n.d.). Learn about alcohol. Retrieved from http//www.ncadd.org/index.php/learn-about-alcohol/faqsfactsMedical Consequences of Alcohol Abuse. Alcohol Research & Health Winter 2000 27. Academic OneFile. Web. 31 Mar. 2012.Edward M. Brecher, E. O. C. R. M. (n.d.). Should alcohol be prohibited?. Retrieved from http//www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/studies/cu/cu32.html Dryden-Edwards, R. (n.d.). Alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Retrieved from http//www.medicinenet.com/alcohol_abuse_and_alcoholism/page6.htm National center for ptsd. (2011, December 20). Retrieved from http//www.ptsd.va.gov/public/pages/ptsd-alcohol-use.asp

Alcohol Abuse Essay -- Diseases, Disorders

Alcohol is the most commonly used drug in the United States. Although the consumption of intoxicant by itself is not a social problem, the continuous and excessive use of alcohol can become problematic. There atomic number 18 four symptoms associated with alcohol habituation which are craving, loss of control, physical dependence, and tolerance. 17.6 million People, or one in every 12 adults, suffer from alcohol abuse or dependence a foresighted with several million more who engage in risky, binge drinking patterns that could lead to alcohol problems. (National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, n.d.) The United States has banned drugs much(prenominal) as heroin, LSD, and marijuana in the United States because they claim that these drugs dangerous and that these drugs have no medical purpose. Should the United States ban the sale of alcohol? Why would mint put something poisonous inside their body that would cause bodily harm? Everyday people do that when they consume a lcohol. Alcohol can have long lasting effects that can lead to serious health complications later in life. Studies have shown that long-term alcohol abuse produces serious, harmful effects on a variety of the bodys organ systems. Parts of the human body most affected include the liver and the immune, cardiovascular, and skeletal systems. (Alcohol search & Health Winter 2000) heavy(a) alcohol use is the leading cause of illness and death from liver disease in the United States. Deaths from chronic liver disease are among 4 times higher among Native Americans and Alaska Natives than among the rest of the U.S. population. Alcoholism is a not a curable disease but it can be treated. There are several different ways to treat Alcoholism. Relapse prevention uses methods for recognizing problem... ...nts. Those suffering from PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) were more likely to be associated with alcohol than those who do not appear to have any symptoms. Works CitedNational Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. (n.d.). Learn about alcohol. Retrieved from http//www.ncadd.org/index.php/learn-about-alcohol/faqsfactsMedical Consequences of Alcohol Abuse. Alcohol Research & Health Winter 2000 27. Academic OneFile. Web. 31 Mar. 2012.Edward M. Brecher, E. O. C. R. M. (n.d.). Should alcohol be prohibited?. Retrieved from http//www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/studies/cu/cu32.html Dryden-Edwards, R. (n.d.). Alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Retrieved from http//www.medicinenet.com/alcohol_abuse_and_alcoholism/page6.htm National center for ptsd. (2011, December 20). Retrieved from http//www.ptsd.va.gov/ humanity/pages/ptsd-alcohol-use.asp

Living constitution

For the past two decades, those in favor of original intent/ unyielding contructionism have been gaining some influence over those who favor a living constitution interpretation of the Constitution. This seems to correlate with the rise of conservative influence over America in the past two decades. In response to the progressive tense activism in what was called the Warren salute, conservatives started to voice what was called the conservative critique. Most visibly, this consisted of President Reagans attorney general, Edwin Meese was unhappy with many of the Supreme mashs liberal decisions of the preceding decades, Meese argued that it was meddling with the affairs of the other federal branches and especially the state governments. (TDD 387).In response to Meeses complaint on judicial activism, Supreme Court Justice William Brennan Jr., argued in defence of the judicial activism in what we think is the correct and most favorable interpretation on the Constitution. Brennan puts forth many arguments in favor of what some call a keep Constitution inspect of the Supreme Courts role in judicial review.Brennan first criticizes what those who favor Original Intent call the intention of the Framers in carnal knowledge to how judicial review should be carried out. Brennan attacks this doctrine by saying, It is arrogant to pretend that from our vantage we can gauge accurately the intent of the Framers on application of prescript to specific, contemporary questionsthe Framers themselves did not agree about the application or meaning of particular constitutional provisions, and hide their differences in cloaks of generality (DEB 325).This asserts that because the Framers themselves didnt agree, it would be unsurmountable to judge what the Framers intent would be, as there is no pure consensus on certain constitutional provisions leaving the document incomplete and ambiguous.To view the strict constructionist versus Living Constitution in the right context, one must see who the people are behind these terms. The people who promote a strict constructionist view are almost exclusively economic and social conservatives. This isnt a coincidence as it is clear to see that many of the major Supreme Court cases of the past century have sided with a economically and socially liberal view.This suggests that conservatives wouldnt be against judicial activism if the courts ruled in their favor, for instance what if the Supreme Court all of the sudden ruled against legal abortion, banned gun laws, and got rid of welfare? If this happened the very same people who were once strict constructionist and anti-judicial activism would convert to a pro-judicial activist view, and vice versa with liberals. Which leads me to profess that I only prescribe to pro-judicial activism philosophy because they have made liberal decisions in the past.Brennan of course gives other reasons for a Living Constitution other than the fact that the court has made liberal decisi ons. He argues that a Living Constitution serves as a temper against unconstitutional and execrable majoritarian rule by the legislature. Brennan reports that an Unabashed enshrinement of majority would permit the imposition of a social caste system or wholesale confiscation of property so long as a majority of the authorized legislative body, fairly pick out, approved (Brennan 326).This of course relies on the values and perhaps the consciences on the judges, who dont have to play the partison politics games thanks to the lifetime term they can serve but still are put in their positions by elected officials. So if a corrupt and authoritarian elected legistlaative majority can get enough judges they approve of to Supreme Court seats, the legislative check disappears,

African-American History

African-American history Booker T. capital letter and W. E. B. Du Bois had contrasting views on how to craft with the problems facing American-Americans. Which was superior in dealing with these conflicts? Booker T. uppercase and WEB Du Bois are perhaps the 2 most important and influential African-Americans of the late ordinal century and they both(prenominal) played pivotal roles in the Civil Rights move custodyt. However, as the question suggests, they also had very contrasting political beliefs when it came to impacting the African-American movement.To fully get word where the two leaders had similarities and contrasts in their political views, I will first study Washingtons contri only whenions to the African-American cause, and the reasons behind his choices. Focus will then shift to Du Bois views and his primary(prenominal) criticisms of Washington, and whether these criticisms were valid or not. To understand the methods and reactions of Washington and Du Bois it is fi rst essential to understand the background they were functioning in.During the late nineteenth century, when Washington and Du Bois were at their peak, Reconstruction had failed and spirit for many African-Americans was considerably worse then it had been before the American Civil War and the abolishment of slavery. African-Americans found themselves in the worse paid jobs in both rural areas, where they were exploited by an unfair sharecropping system, and in more than(prenominal) urban areas, where the industrial revolution was beginning to take hold. Segregation was also rapidly mournful throughout American society being reinforced in 1896 by the Plessy vs.Fergusoncase where it was decided that segregation was constitutional under the argument that it was separate but come to. More worryingly, during this time the number of African-Americans f every(prenominal)ing victim to lynching was rapidly growing. Due to these worsening conditions many African-American leaders of the time developed a tolerating attitude towards the unadorned oppression there people were suffering, believing that outspoken protest would only make situations worse, and so instead they would appeal for aid from slopped and influential whites and encourage African-Americans to lift themselves by their bootstraps1.When looking at the background context it be come outs clear wherefore Washington and Du Bois had differing views when it came to Civil Rights. Washington had been born a slave in the South and grew up poorly fed and clothed and was denied an education. Growing up in the South Washington would have had first pot experience with the sort of discrimination many African-Americans were faced with at the time and would have also understood the real fear many African-Americans had of lynching.With this in sound judgement it can be seen why Washington would have been more cautious in his methods of progressing Civil Rights. Du Bois by contrast was born a freeman in the North and didnt suffer discrimination until he entered high education, and so it is understandable why he would not have had the same reservations as Washington when it came to a more root word approach to dealing with the oppression of African-Americans. Washingtons work for the African-American race can be most clearly seen when looking at the Tuskegee Institution, which excuse exists today.The school opened in July 1881 and was at the out launch only space rented from a local church, with only one teacher, that being Washington. The following year Washington was able to purchase a former plantation, which became the permanent site of the school, and the students themselves erected and fitted the weeings, as well as growing their own crops and rearing their own livestock. While the Tuskegee land did offer some academic training for teachers, its main focus was on providing functional skills needed to survive in rural areas, such(prenominal) as woodwork and modern agricultural te chniques.It can be argued that this more vocational slant towards teaching was damaging in the progression of African-American rights, however Washington believed that to become tenderly equal to whites, African-Americans must first become scotchally equal and show that they are responsible American citizens, who had something to offer society. Also, it can be argued that the practical teaching of the Tuskegee found was far more beneficial for the time than academic teaching would have been. The Institute is also a good example of why perhaps Washington had some merit with his views of appeasement.Washington was able to use his friendly relationship with powerful white men to help finance the school and even got ex-slave owners, such as George W. Campbell, to support the new school. Without this aid it is unlikely that the Tuskegee Institute would have ever evolved from a small rented room into the huge institution that it is today. While the Tuskegee Institute showcased Washingt ons views on education the Atlanta Expedition Address illustrated what he supposedly believed African-Americans place in society should be. Washington delivered the ddress in 1895, and was designed to cement the friendship of the races and bring about hearty cooperation between them 2. Washingtons main purpose with the Atlanta Address was to help achieve a realistic settlement between southerly lily-whites, Northern Whites and the African-American community in a time when race relations were only getting worse. Washington was no doubt anxious not to antagonise the white population who held African-Americans at their mercy, and so he urged lows to remain in the South, work at the common occupations of life, and accept the fact of white subordination 3.When addressing the white population in his speech Washington reassured them that African-Americans had no intention or interest in securing social equality, that all they required was economic cooperation, In all things that are pu rely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress 4. The work Washington did for African-American crossed over into the twentieth century with the creation of the National black business enterprise Leaguein 1900.The aim of the League was to help promote and further the commercial and financial development of African-American business 5, not only in the South but also the North of America. The creation of the League empathized Washingtons belief that to become socially equal to whites that African-Americans must first become economically equal. However it can be argued that the League held little sizeableness when considering African-American business as it did little to assist, but that it allowed Washington to have a stronghold of men in all(prenominal) black population of importance 6.Compared to Washington Du Bois political views can be seen as being quite radical for the social climate of the time. Du Bois probab ly had more radical views because of his different background, as he didnt have a history of slavery and did live in fear of lynching the way many African-Americans did at the time. However, Du Bois did share some similarities in thought with Washington, for example Du Bois also believed that African-Americans needed to help bring themselves out of social inequality.However, unlike Washington, Du Bois believed that African-Americans needed leadership from a college-educated elite and that simple vocational education wasnt enough to elevate the position of African-Americans in society, Men we shall have only as we make manhood the intention of the work of the schools intelligence, broad sympathy, knowledge of the world that was and is, and of the relation of men to it this is the curriculum of that Higher Education which must underlie true life.On this foundation we may build bread winning, skill of hand and quickness of brain, with never a fear lest the child and man mistake the means of living for the object of life7, Du Bois set out the ideas of an elite group of African-Americans teaching other African-Americans in his The Talented Tenth article, the idea being that there was one in ten African-Americans, the intellectual tenth, was capable of becoming an influential leader, who would lead other African-Americans to a better future.Du Bois had many criticism of Washington, many of which he set out in an show in 1903 titled Of Mr Booker T Washington and Others. Du Bois felt that Washington focused too much on vocational education and that his educational syllabus was too narrow 8. This particular criticism no doubt evolved from Du Bois own education which was wide and varied, and his more privileged background which allowed him the luxury of exploring avenues of education that wouldnt directly lead to work. Du Bois also believed that Washingtons methods and arguments practically accepts the alleged inferiority of the Negro races9.This criticism is almo st entirely valid as Washington himself stated that African-Americans should accept White Supremacy in his Atlanta Expedition Address, and while it is doubtful that Washington himself saw the African-American race as inferior, he did little to try and incline the general population otherwise. Washington urged African-Americans to earn security through economic means and technical skills, and he put little importance on higher education and political and social rights, believing that they would follow naturally from economic freedom.However Du Bois argued that this approach would lead to many African-Americans living below the poverty line, because he believed that it was impossible for most people to gain economic rights and freedoms when they were unequal socially. Du Bois also clashed with Washington due to their differing political ideologies. While Washington championed capitalist ideals, Du Bois, who became a leading disastrous Marxist, felt that any social freedoms gained b y economic progress would make the African-American population into dishonest money makers 10.Du Bois Marxist views came into play with other disparagements he had with Washington, most apparent in 1903 when Du Bois tried to prove Washington was using hush money to control the African-American press, to make sure his own views were the more favoured in print 11. To some degree Du Bois criticisms of Washington were valid, as Washington did little to resolve the social issues that plagued the African-American race, so as not to seem controversial or threatening to the white population. However, when looking at the backgrounds of the two leaders it becomes obvious why they had such opposing views.Washington had been born a slave in the South and so he would naturally be more cautious and reserved when dealing with the white population as he knew the ill-use that a majority population could cause to African-Americans. He matured in a time when the number of lynchings was ever growing, and so he would fully admit and understand the fear most African-Americans lived with. Du Bois by contrast, was born a freeman in the North, which was far more liberal and accepting than the South and so he didnt have a proper grasp of the everyday problems and anxieties many African-Americans dealt with.It can also be argued that while Du Bois spent large amounts of his time criticising Washington, he really did nothing practical to forward the progress of African-Americans the way Washington did with the Tuskegee Institute. While Du Bois was Washingtons most vocal and famous opponent, he was far from the only challenger. A black president of Atlanta University, John Hope, was vocal of his disagreement with Washingtons Atlanta Address, stating in 1896 I regard it as cowardly and dishonest for any of our coloured men to tell white people and coloured people that we are not struggling for equality.Now catch your breath, for I am going to say that we demand social equality 12. Whil e this view was to be expected among Northern black leaders, Hope shattered the illusion that all African-Americans in the South were willing to just accept their lowered social status. William Monroe Trotter, editor of the Boston Guardian, was another of Washingtons most unforgiving critics and claimed that Washington, whatever good he may do, has injured and is injuring the race more than he can aid it by his school.Let us hope that Booker Washington will remain mouth-closed at Tuskegee. If he will do this, all his former sins will be forgiven13. Trotters views are to some degree far harsher than Du Bois were, but the general idea theme is the same, that Washington was not helping the African-American race by deemphasising the importance of social equality, and that he was in fact hindering to movement. Trotter also challenged Washington at a National Negro Business League meeting in Boston while Washington was giving a speech.Trotter posed a number of questions that challenged W ashington and his views, before he was arrested. While Washington did not respond to the challenges, Trotter made his point and the incident was reported as The Boston Riot the next day in papers. As can be seen, Washington and Du Bois had to some degree very opposing views on how to handle and progress the African-American race. Washington put colossal empathise on vocational education that would give practical skills to African-Americans living in the South.Rather than focus on social and political equality, Washington stressed the importance of economic advancement, believing that once the average African-American had the power of wealth that political and social freedoms and powers would follow. Washington felt there was great importance in appeasing the white majority, for the economic and political power it affording him in furthering the African-American cause and because he lived in the turbulent South, where it was dangerous to be a radical black man.Du Bois political idea s contrasted with Washingtons idea of appeasement and he had a far more radical approach to Civil Rights. Du Bois didnt think that it was possible for African-Americans to achieve economic equality before they had achieved social and political equality. Du Bois more radical approach stems from his background, as he did not share the same fear as Washington and did not experience the same forms of racism. Bu Bois could afford to be more radical has he had not experienced slavery and his placement in the North meant that he did not share the fear of lynching that many in the South had.Du Bois also put more empathise on academic teaching and did not feel that Washingtons vocational education would be useful in helping the progress of African-Americans. However, Washington and Du Bois did share some similarities in political thought. They both treasure the importance of having the support of powerful white men, who could both finance and encourage their cause. While both Washington and Du Bois had good arguments for doing things in their particular ways, it is probably base hit to say that neither had perfect strategies. Washington was too timid to argue for equality, and Du Bois had no practical ideas he could implement.It is fair to suggest that a mixture of their two views would have been the best way to progress the African-American cause, as Washington had practical methods of improved the average African-Americans life, such as the Tuskegee Institute, and Du Bois was able to protest the obvious oppression that African-Americans suffered.Bibliography American Memory from the Library of Congress, 2008, National Negro Business League,http//lcweb2. loc. gov8081/ammem/amrlhtml/dtnegbus. html Fairclough, Adam, 2002, Better Day Coming Blacks and Equality, 1890-2000, New York Penguin Books Franklin, John H. Meier, August, 1982, Black leaders of the Twentieth Century, Illinois University of Illinois Press History Matters, 2006, Booker T. Washington Delivers the 189 5 Atlanta Compromise Speech,http//historymatters. gmu. edu/d/39/ History Matters, 2006, W. E. B. DuBois Critiques Booker T. Washington Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others,http//historymatters. gmu. edu/d/40 TeachingAmericanHistory. org, 2008, The Talented Tenth by WEB Du Bois,http//teachingamericanhistory. org/library/index. asp? document=174 White, John,1985, Black Leadership in America 1895-1968, New York Longman Inc.

Nation-States in Modern Times

The natives of Waitangi in vernal Zealand had to give up their sovereignty to the British throne at the time that the Crown arrived in the country. Since then, the natives have tried to deal for their right to govern their areas of New Zealand again. If do they get this permission from the New Zealand government, which they most probably will non get in modern times, the natives of New Zealand might make their own ground-state, that is, a place that is ruled by a certain entity and occupied by people be wideing to the same finale and having the same values that are unique to that group (Nation-State, 2007).This is the nature of the nation-state It is a government course of instruction that may not be able to thrive in the era of globalization marked by cultural homogeneity, and featuring immigration laws, skills exchange, outsourcing, foreign direct investment and the equivalents.In the olden mean solar days, Greece was a nation-state. Athens was the city-state of Greece, pro tecting a common finis under its own laws. Greece was the ruler of Athens at the same time. It had the power to dissolve Athens. Yet, Athens was an extremely popular cultural hotbed. It was not wise to dissolve Athens (Polopolos). Most importantly, Greece and Athens serve as excellent examples of governance for the politicians of the modern world. As a matter of fact, people map Greeces example in thinking about how to develop a civilization. Alexander the Great continues to be remembered.It is definitely accomplishable for nation-states to develop in our day by following the example of Greece. Weaker groups such as the natives in New Zealand represent a minority nowadays, and may not be able to form their nation-state. At the same time, America used to be referred to as a melting pot, even though the Americanization of the world as a synonym for globalization could easily have pieceed America into a lover of its own culture. America could have become like Greece if it had wante d to preserve its culture however, the nations political mind is very much occupied with the business sense of things.America chooses not to become a nation-state because it benefits immensely from foreigners. What about atomic number 63? Can Europe become a nation-state with European Union, the Euro and its likes? possibly places like France and Italy, in particular, might consider becoming nation-states with the strongest regard for their culture. In point of fact, part of Europe have been especially concerned in recent times with the upkeep of their traditional agricultural styles. As an example, certain European farm products like the French cheeses have become entwined with the national cultural identity (Kaplan & Calzonetti, 2005). Would globalization allow Europe or parts to Europe to turn into nation-states or city-states? Perhaps so. Do we expect it to happen? Probably not.Let us turn to the Middle East. Could it happen among the Arab nations, with the strongest ties to their culture? Could Israel become a nation-state, with Jerusalem as its city-state? Yes, it is possible once they stop fighting over the Middle East. Arabs hate Americanization, apparently. But they cannot live without America and Europe buying their oil. They want to preserve their Islamic culture against the unIslamic behavior shown on Western television nevertheless.They also do not want American clothing to be worn in their societies. Hijabs and extremely long skirts are still the norm in Saudi Arabia, very difficult for most foreigners to adjust to. Perhaps Arab nations and/or Israel will be the first to turn into nation-states, if they are not already. At this time they are not cultural states clearly because they fight too much. At a time of peace entirely will art and culture be nurtured. Perhaps Middle East should really stop fighting now and become a nation-state if it wants to.ReferencesKaplan, Eben, & Calzonetti, Claire. (2005, December 9). The WTOs Troubled DohaNegot iations. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 27 November 2006, from http//www.cfr.org/index.html.Nation-State. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved 7 May 2007, fromhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation-state.Polopolus, Leonidas C. Athens, Greece A City-State that Grew from Optimality in the GoldenEra to Excessive Urbanization by the twenty-first century. University of Florida. Retrieved 7 May 2007, from http//www.clas.ufl.edu/users/kapparis/AOC/ATHENS.htm.

The Great Gatsby Argument Essay

Viren Kumar Mrs. Parato AP Language and Composition March 2, 2013 Societys spectre Goals, objectives, targets, and ambitions are incentives that drive one to emerge from their comfort zone. Each individual, rich or poor, isolated or active, habitual or abnormal, has a way to leave with others and act in society based on personality. Most people want to be accepted by others to fit into society and be normal. There is always one person who has a different perspective than everyone elses and is uniquely considered an outcast.In the saucy, The Great Gatsby, author F. Scott Fitzgerald portrays Jay Gatsby as an isolationist that is compelled to play evasive roles in society to grow the green light across the channel, which in effect causes Gatsby to be placed in a nerve-racking situation. Society is a big influence on Gatsby and his actions. He is first introduced by Miss Baker. Nick decided to call to him. Miss Baker had mentioned him at dinner, and that would do for an introductio n (Fitzgerald 20).Nick caraway is a parallel with society because he is influenced by the sentiments and ideas of others that structure society. Since Miss Baker mentions Gatsby over dinner, Gatsby is seen as an interesting topic that needs to be explored. Jay, being an isolationist that he is, tries to hide himself from society by displaying motions hinting to people like Nick But Nick didnt call to him, for he gave a sudden steer that he was content to be alone (20).Gatsby makes a sudden intimation, and it seems that Gatsby knows there is someone watching him and observing his every action, and in attempts to isolate himself and negate being called out to, he makes a subtle allusion to the fact he wants to be left to himself (20). Thus society forces Gatsby to make the movement he makes by gossip and communi cronkion. Societys observations in this passage will show to define many of Gatsbys actions as the novel progresses. People have secrets in their life that can determine w ho they truly are Gatsby has his own that are the power that compels him to act the way he does.Gatsby is carefully observed, and as he involuntarily glanced seaward and distinguished nothing except a single green light, minute and far way, that might have been the end of a dock(Fitzgerald 21). Gatsby stares at a distant green light, which implies a special connection between the two. Considering he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a remaining way and that Gatsby was trembling his secret relation with the green light must be special because one does not tremble for any reason (Fitzgerald 21).There is an randy bonding that may date back a long time. His yearning for the lightstretched out his armsis foreshadowing for the rest of the story where he struggles to obtain this light (21). An obvious tension between the relationship of Gatsby and the mysterious light is visible from the trembling, and this tension creates the ambiguousness in Gatsbys role in the novel (21 ). Fitzgerald uses figurative language to introduce the protagonist, which exemplifies Gatsbys mysterious appearance to emphasize his perplexing personality.As Nick is outside his home after a night with the Buchanans, a strange yet familiar silhouette appears just on the other side of his yard, in his neighbors yard. The silhouette of a moving cat wavered across the moonlight (Fitzgerald 20). This cat, in turn, is actually Jay Gatsby. Although, the comparison that Fitzgerald makes with Gatsby and the cat does serve as a tool to analyze his characteristics. Felines tend to walk in a stealthy manner at night, and they are very cautious about being watched. The comparison indicates that Gatsby was trying to be wary of his surroundings.Gatsby may be the figure, precisely noticing that there is no adjective on the noun, figure, whereas throughout the rest of the passage there are many adjectives to describe his surroundings, this anomaly provides Gatsby as a figure the appearance of an inexplicable figure (20). With his hands in his pockets, this signifies a sign of secrecy to illustrate his complex personality (20). Gatsby may have cute to protect some secrets about the green light. Gatsbys method of an introduction is an explanation of the ambiguous role he is going to play and the uncomfortable character of his future situation.The Great Gatsby is a novel that depicts the role of Gatsby as one of an isolationist that is forced into an ambiguous role in society. Through misinterpretations of his actions, he is thought to have a misleading identity. As society observes the fascinating movements of Gatsby in his yard, the motions that Gatsby performs communicate thoughts of isolation to society, but later on in the passage, motions such as the stretching out of the trembling arms, represent predictions of society pulling Gatsby into societal problems and issues.

Reaction paper Blood of a mole

Blood of a mole tells the humbug of pity, self-sacrifice and trickery. You can non always give people what they learn, no matter how desperate they are. The character gives roughly of his own life which Is represented by blood because he felt such a compelling need to help the desperate woman. He pitied her and plain TLD agree with her Ideas In moles blood, or he wouldnt have tricked the women. During the story the character was going to tell her l never had sold moles in the shop and I had never seen one in my life but he knows that this woman anted to hear good news.The character said l have no moles, this reply of the women made him feel guilty of himself and made it as if had no choice but to help her. Why do some people feel the need to be a hero? I dont believe he gave the woman his blood out of the goodness of his heart, but it was more of an attempt to console the woman in order to ease his own sense of guilt. After he concedes that Maybe I have some moles, he states l d ont know wherefore I acted like this. The woman had no faith and no longer wanted any help.When he offers her his blood, She did not reach for the glass bottle. She turned and speedily went toward the door. You can see that he wants to help when he doesnt take the money she offers for his service, which he wouldnt have done If he were truly carrying moles blood In his shop. Then she took some money out of her pocket. No. No, I said. This shows that he wants to help this woman in time though he is not get anything in return. l wanted to accompany her to the corner. I offered her some water but she just ran off, The story brings to mind the Dry. At overworks himself trying to save any patient, in the meantime his own health and life deteriorates. The story is told from first somebody point of view. In this way, we know exactly what the protagonist is thinking. This does limit the story in some ways, since no other opinions or observations are told , I wasnt sure what was going on with anyone else. The narrator Is the main character and the only person with a voice, other than some dialogue, throughout the story. The reader sees everything from the eyes of the rotating.There are many observations given, but when speaking of feelings, It gets scarce. There is mostly confusion or affright expressed, but through the observations, a lot of pity is conveyed. l was scared. I could feel something evil lurking in the dark. L knew it by her eyes, by the worn stir of her fingers that reached out to touch me The womans need for moles blood is the conflict of the story. The protagonist does not have a mole, let alone moles blood, but he is compelled to help, entertain or insole the woman.The pity the guy has for her grows larger as he continues observe her. , l felt bad because I couldnt help her. The guy even gives her his own blood as a substitute for mole blood and tricks her, Here It Is, I said. Heres the blood of the mole. The climax of this story Is when the w oman returns from her Ill son, He walks the woman sobbed, holding a bittersweet smile behind her hands. He walks . But he cannot save everyone. We all have loved ones we do not want to leave us to the other side.The story is resolved when they all come for him Everyone had a The narrative structure is clear-cut, direct and uncomplicated. Things occur in a chronological order of time. It starts from the beginning, there are no flashbacks, and everything proceeds in order. It does skip over a few seasons that are uneventful. The scenes are sanely short, not overly elaborate, but ample detail is given. The author does not state such when months have passed, he uses another poetic technique. Cold, uneventful age slipped by.The autumn leaves whirled hopelessly n the wind, giving the air a brown appearance. The early winter blizzards hurled snowflakes against the windows He uses weather to foreshadow what is going to happen undermentioned Overall, I liked this story about a hero. It made me think a lot about being realistic on how any lives I try to touch in the future. This story really shows the best of humans. There are some people that are going to help even though they get nothing in return. This story is was well written. The dialogue was somewhat lacking, but I guess it fits the story.

Phonological and Writing Systems of English and Thai

In the second language and foreign language (FL) classroom literature, it has been claimed that several variables related to the interface between L1 and L2/ FL, i. e. psychological aspects, carry to language learners perception and production of a foreign language. A study of these variables could have important implications for the teaching of foreign languages. More recently, the role of spoken and write L2 input (e. g. Bassetti, 2008 Moyer, 2009) has been studied in greater detail, and there is an abundance of such studies.In this chapter, the relevant literature will be illustrated and critiqued, with particular attention to the works on phonological systems and writing systems across languages and the interaction between the two systems. In addition, the influence of affective factors on the productive skills of Thai learners is reviewed. The first section of the chapter is a handleion of the relevant literature on the differences between phonological and writing systems acr oss languages and the resulting language learner output, followed by a review of the framework to be social occasiond in this study.The final section is a review of the effects of the affective factors on the learners language achievement and language performance as heartfelt as on language learning. 1. The related literature The findings reported in the literature that the majority of Thai learners of face demonstrate a low head of proficiency, especially in the productive skills (speaking and writing) reflect the fact that English language pedagogy in Thailand is still in its infancy (Wongsothorn, A. , Hiranburana, K. & Chinnawongs, S. 2002 Laopongharn & Sercombe, 2009, among others). As reported in the national survey (1999) conducted by the Office of Educational Testing of the Department of Curriculum and Instruction (in Khamkhien, 2010), high school sstudents productive skills were generally below 50 per cent, i. e. below average, leading to the recommendation in the repo rt for immediate improvements of writing ability in all educational institutions in the country (Wongsothorn et al. , 2002 112). There are several factors that could prevent Thai learners of English from aining a sthrong command of productive skills in English. In terms of the phonological system, Yangklang (2006) investigated the improvement in pronunciation of English final l in 40 Thai sstudents in Matthayom Suksa 4 at Assumption Convent Lamnarai School who had used the Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) programme she was testing. The CAI in the study, as set forth by Yangklang contained drill and practice exercises. Drill and practice activities aimed to provide learners with adequate practices and also to review items that were new to learners.The goal of the drill and practice activities was to teach sstudents to gauge words with final /-l/ accurately and automatically. These practices and exercises were, therefore, provided by the computer programme as part of the post-l esson activities. The participants were divided into two groups according to their competence of pronunciation of English, one with good pronunciation and the other with poor ability. Prior to the experimental task, each participant had taken a placement test to classify their pronunciation competence.Subsequently, they all took trey pronunciation post-tests every week for three weeks. It was found that both groups of sstudents improved their pronunciation significantly after they used the CAI programme. In general, both groups had positive reactions to the use of the CAI programme for improving their pronunciation. Obviously, the programme helped the participants improve their pronunciation, given that they had intensive training on pronunciation practice of specific English consonant sounds, and the post-test of pronouncing the sound was administered nowadays after the programme training.As Graham (1997) and Macaro (2006), among others, have pointed out, effective language learn ing is about mastering communicative skills, i. e. speaking, writing, listening, and reading. This indicates that the more learners practise, the better their communicative performance in a language. In line with this, the results did not show anything unexpected. The point at issue, which I shall leave for future study, is how can accurate pronunciation, e. g. of the /l/ sound, be maintained after short-term, intensive training?In Yangklangs findings, the English consonant sound /l/ which constitutes the coda, i. e. word-final ending in /l/, (see Figure 1 below) could be realised as l, n, and w by the participants. The participants with good pronunciation emergeed to produce the l, whilst the participants from the poorer group appeared to generate n and w instead of l or ? . The n was produced more frequently than w by these participants, however. Yangklang did not discuss why n and w constitute allophones of /l/.In the study, it was the poorer group who produced such allophones, and it was reported from interviews that the participants had not yet been exposed to an environment where English is used as a median(a) of communication. In the word list, part of the research instrument which consisted of pronunciation tests contained words like ball, mile, etc. which are English loanwords. I presume that there is some force of segmental alternation with regard to English loanwords.As /l/ is not available at coda position, the notion of final consonant phoneme alternation appears plausible. That is to say, n and w appear to be alternatives. Paradis (1996) in Kentowicz & Suchato (2006), claimed that the location of such segments in feature geometry and prosodic structure was relevant in dealing with segmental alternation in loanwords. Based on the data, /l/ and /n/ fall into the same natural class, in that both of them are sonorant consonants, which can be represented by the feature matrices

Republic Day Celebration In India Essay

Today is a very special day for all of us, as the whole country celebrates Indias Republic Day with hook remembering our great part withdom fighters who have laid their life for our freedom. 26th January, being a very significant date makes us recall the memories of millions of individuals who stood unify laying foundation for the growth and development of our nation. The freedom that we enjoy today is the restless effort of millions of men and women who stood strong for a general cause, making India free from foreign domination.Looking back, our country had been laid upon on one of the worlds oldest civilization with a large treasure of experience, knowledge and thoughts contributing a lot for building up this nation. The inspiring words given by our great leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Subhash Chandra Bose, Jawaharlal Nehru and separates has not only motivated the people during the colonial period but also motivate the young generation of India to hold the head high and move for ward. It is the day on which the Indian constitution came in to being which is considered to the real building block of our country. B.R Ambedkar and Sardar Vallabhai Patel have worked at their best to construct the laws which stays firm uniting us under one flag.During the ultimo years our country had to confront with many obstacles and challenges which have been managed properly in due time. But still there are long lists of problems which have to be handled with care. India had become the home of millions living together with peace and harmony.There are many Indian who have made us proud gaining much citation listed on top spots and high ranks in various fields. Our country has achieved a prominent position tagging as one of the most active growing country. We have made our presence strong in technology, space exploration and various other fields. During the past the wise decision and well planning by our leaders have brought down the gap between the haves and the have-nots.We still have to confront with crimes, corruption, external and internal terrorism which brings our head down before other countries. Let us strive forward and stand united for the good cause of the development of our nation.

50 Fun Things to Do in Supermarket

50 Fun Things To Do In A Supermarket 1. Take shop carts for the express purpose of filling them and stranding them at strategic locations. 2. Ride those little electronic cars at the front of the store. 3. Set every the alarm clocks to go off at ex minute intervals throughout the day. 4. Start playing Calvinball see how many pack you can get to sum total in. 5. Contaminate the entire auto department by sampling all the spray air fresheners. 6. dispute former(a) customers to duels with tubes of gift wrap. 7. Leave cryptic messages on the typewriters. 8. Re-dress the mannequins as you see learn. 9.When there are citizenry behind you, walk REALLY SLOW, especially thin narrow aisles. 10. Walk up to an employee and tell him in an official tone, I think weve got a Code 3 in Housewares, and see what happens. 11. Tune all the radios to a polka station then turn them all off and turn the volumes to 10. 12. trifle with the automatic doors. 13. Walk up to complete strangers and say, Hi I havent seen you in so long and so forth See if they play along to avoid embarrassment. 14. While walking through the clothing department, ask yourself brazen-faced enough for all to hear, Who BUYS this junk, anyway? 15. Repeat Number 14 in the jewelry department. 6. Ride a display bicycle through the store claim youre taking it for a test drive. 17. Follow heap through the aisles, always staying about five feet away. Continue to do this until they leave the department. 18. Play soccer with a group of friend, using the entire store as your playing field. 19. As the cashier runs your purchases over the scanner, take in mesmerized and say, Wow. Magic 20. Put MMs on layaway. 21. Move Caution Wet Floor signs to spread over areas. 22. Set up a tent in the camping department tell others youll only ask them in if they bring pillows from Bed and Bath. 23.Test the fishing rods and see what you can catch from the other aisles. 24. Ask other customers if they have any Grey Poupon. 25. Drape a blanket around your shoulders and run around state, Im Batman. Come, robinto the Batcave 26. TP as much of the store as possible. 27. Randomly throw things over into neighboring aisles. 28. Play with the calculators so that they all spell hello upside down. 29. When someone asks if you need help, begin to cry and ask, Why wont you people just leave me alone? 30. When two or three people are walking in front of you, run between them, yelling, Red Rover 31. Make up nonsense products and ask newly hired employees if there are any in stock, i. e. , Do you have any Shnerples here? 32. Take up an entire aisle in Toys by setting up a full scale battlefield with G. I. Joes vs. the X-Men. 33. Take bets on the battle described above. 34. Nonchalantly test the brushes and combs in Cosmetics. 35. Hold indoor shopping cart races. 36. Dart around suspiciously while humming the theme from Mission Impossible. 37. Attempt to fit into very large gym bags. 38. Attempt to fit others i nto very large gym bags. 39.Say things like, Would you be so kind as to direct me to your Twinkies? 40. Set up a Valet Parking sign in front of the store. 41. Two words Marco Polo. 42. Leave Cheerios in Lawn and Garden, pillows in the pet food aisle, etc. 43. Re-alphabetize the CDs in Electronics. 44. When someone steps away from their cart to look at something, quickly make off with it without saying a word. 45. Relax in the patio furniture until you get kicked out. 46. When an announcement comes over the loudspeaker, assume the fetal position and scream, No, no Its those voices again 47.Pay off layaways fifty cents at a time. 48. Drag a frig around chair on display over to the magazines and relax. If the store has a food court, buy a padded drink explain that you dont get out much, and ask if they can put a little comprehensive in it. 49. Hmm only 48 things so far 50. Naaawwww, go in the next supermarket and ask an employee for the 2 Missing fun things to do in his supermarke t. 51. Submitted by Eeyore002 Get you some popcorn and a comfy seat and plant yourself in the movie section and watch whatever movie is on, if you cant conquer the VCRs go for

Csr in Foxconn Essay

More and much than(prenominal) companies argon investing in China, to share the incredible profit generate from the 1.4 trillion people. One of the US based come with, which its dismissal to invest 35% of its stake, to a fast growing China private-owned timber shock company. Like close local Chinese company, CSR is not implementing in that company as well as no oversight working on it. Generally speaking, CSR (Corporate Social Responsibilities) is a form of corporate self-regulation integrates into business model, in which a company monitors and en accrediteds its active compliance with the spirit of law, ethical threadbare and international norms. Although this timber company has heights growth in the market and generate good profit, it whitethorn easily pose a insecurity to investor if they are not redress attention to social and environmental issues. Below summaries would like to analyst the potential drop impacts may arise from different parties such as employees, co nsumers, environment, and communities and how they may be affected by the closing. branch of all, its no doubt that employee are the basic component of an industry.By taking measures from the Social Accountabilities 8000 (SA8000), they should strike if the company has employed child labor. Child labor is very popular in China and some other developing countries like Guatemala especially industry like involving agricultural and manufacturing that need high working force. It may violate the law and damage the company brand easily. Other than legal extend, an interesting descriptor showed that (www.DoWellDoGood.net), 83% of the employee willing leave the job if their employer used child labor. Obvious, child labor nowadays give more harm than good, instead, providing wellness program for employee and their families create certain shared value that they will love more the company in both mentally and physically. Moreover, its also important that the dissolute should provide fitt ed safety working environment as well as organize enough safety training. It will certainly reduce the number of accidents occurs.In the early 80s, China had launched Social Security Fund, all companies mustiness follow closely and provide all kinds of insurances to employees in modulate not to obstruct from the law and governmental issue. In addition, the company should encourage workers to form union and those who involve wont be discriminated. Be trend employee more involve in the discussion regarding payroll, community welfare and company development will surely extend their loyalty at all. The investor has to round all the working hours, salary standard and penalty and make sure its fair to everyone. Secondly, the investor should concern to the consumers feed corroborate in which the company has to create customers satisfaction to their products.However, in this competitive world, many companies like to exaggerated the usage and beauty of their products to attract more cus tomers by nub of media as a communication platform. For this reason, the investor should review all these products advertisement that might cause harmful operation to the product brand name. Reputation of the timber flooring company takes years to come to the top quintette in China can be ruined in hours. One accident always cause in flooring industries may be the level of formaldehyde is so high that cause deadly to human.Heath problems always cause fatal to death of company. One of big scandal happened recently nigh killed AJISEN one of the ramen restaurant in which has been accused of making their broths using soup concentrate and cheap flavourer powders, known for a guarantee that all their soups come from a broth of pork bones simmered to perfection.(Patrick Keefe) extraction price of AJISEN drops from HK$17.82 to HK$9.32 (51.7%) within 2 weeks just right after the scandal and never climb back up until now. Indeed, customer are all likely the same, they only purchase g oods they fell confidence by faith as choices are not the only one. Above example shows a warning indication that in case the company has listed in the stock market in the future. They have to take business organisation much more than now on the CSR issues as media can spread out news within one day.Thirdly, the company should put more efforts not to interfere the environment. Recently, Chinese government has set up many laws to preserve environmental friendly after enter the WTO, ISO14000 standard is basic management standard that has to follow. Due to their factories including plantation, chemical working for production and raw material importation, there are a consider of chances may encounter to environmental dispute. As an investor, other than make sure correct documentations and license for environmental issue, they also have to study all the process in terms of energy use and logistics.Considering the firm has 50% of timber source globally and 10% of their customers are ov erseas, excess packaging of products and thouhouse gases are not just costly to the environment but also costly to the business. By reducing its packaging and cutting 100 million miles from the delivery routes of its trucks, Wal-Mart lowered carbon emissions and saved $ two hundred million in cost. (Harvard Business Review). Above example shows typical how mutual benefits if we re-arrange business decision and enhance regulation reforms even just simple as logistic. Besides, China has a lot of assess reduction and funding approaches to achieve government supports by encouraging people to protect the nature.Furthermore, the investor should also pay attention to their suppliers. Not only to check if the imported products are fulfill the regulations but also review the availability and the ease of transportation as 50% outsourcing of the company is not a small figure to ignore. Above all, CSR is not a short term objective, the investor should set up a CSR team in the company for prom oting and working for long term prospective. Its clearly that CSR is helping to build up the company brand far more easily than performing marketing and sales on timber flooring only.According to Harvard Business Review, Not all profit is equal. Profit involving a social purpose embody a higher form of capitalism, one that creates a positive cycle of company and community prosperity, its no doubt that customer will purchase more if the timber flooring shows green and if the company anticipate more social welfare activities. To conclude, the investor should immerse CSR into each employee and the community in order to enhance share value to form a mutually beneficial society.

Assignment 2 for General Linguistics Essay

I. Chapter 6 SEMANTICS The probe of meaning and denotation EXERCISE 8 (page 224) a. A aid is part of a minute A minute is part of an hour An hour is part of a day * A second is a part of an hour, and it is similarly a part of a day. It is a transitive relation because a minute, an hour and a day express the same thing which is Time. b. The toe is part of the toe The toe is part of the foot. The foot is part of the leg * The toenail is part of the leg. It is also a transitive relation because leg, foot, toe and even toenail are parts of body.c. Henrys toe is part of Henry Henry is part of the 23rd Battalion But Henrys toe is not part of the 23rd Battalion. * It is not a transitive relation because Henrys toe is moreover a part of his body, it cannot represent as Henry as the whole. II. Chapter 9 PRAGMATICS The study of language use and communication EXERCISE 7 (page 250) The sentence I promise I lead call the police force if you dont smooth down is not literally and directly a pply to promise nor warn.According to the theories of Bach and Harnish 1979, Recanati 1987, this sentence is not directly used to promise but rather are directly used to do what declarative sentences normally do declare or state. It is only indirectly used to promise and warn. The sentence I promise I give call the police if you dont quiet down is used directly to state or declare that the talker is promising, and indirectly it is used to promise that the speaker will call the police if some superstar doesnt quiet down and warn that the speaker will call the police if someone doesnt quiet down.In my opinion, this sentence tends to be used as a warn more than a promise. EXERCISE 10 (page 10) a. A rolling endocarp gathers no moss Meaning This proverb refers to a person who does not resolve down is not attached to some(prenominal)thing or anyone. If a person never stays in one place, he or she never gathers or gets attached to things or the great unwashed. Moss grows on stones wh ich have been on the prove for many years, so a stone which rolls cannot grow moss. The saying is A rolling stone gathers no moss. It means if you keep moving and learning that you dont just sit there seemly a couch potato.It is true a rolling stone gathers no moss but only over sequence. At the begging of the rock rolling then it will gather moss, but overtime it will endure all the moss it has gained. The term rolling stone commonly refers to a person who is frequently changing his take to the woods or profession. Just as a stone that is continually rolling doesnt gather any moss on it, similarly a person who is constantly changing his occupation doesnt succeed in any achievement. Acquisition of wealth or learning or experience requires time and steady lengthy application of energy to some tasks.On the other hand one who is constantly chopping and changing will never become wealthy or learned or experienced. He will merely be dissipating his energies and will get nowhere. T he popular fable of the farmer who dug many shallow wells in his farm in search of water is a fine illustration. Had he dug deep at one place, he would have definitely found water. By being a rolling stone few people accomplish their goals. In todays world of breakneck competition, migratory birds hold absolutely no chance. It is by working at a place, putting in constant advertise that one earns a reputation and recognition.The intended message This adverb can be understood as an advice to people You should worl single-mindedly at one work. You shoulnt change your work so frequently. b. Look forrader you leap Meaning This proverb simply means that you must think before you act. Before you do something (or leap into something) you must consider the consequences (or look) of your actions. The intented message Be careful c. A stitch in time saves nine. Meaning This proverb tells that timely effort will prevent more work new-fashionedr.A little preventative maintenance can elimin ate the need for repairs later. This proverb warns us against neglecting small faults or imperfections which may lead to further damage or increased problems later. A stitch in time saves nine advises us to realize the value of time management and that small things do make a big difference. We should all learn that it is best to work diligently, consciensciously, and carefully while using our time wisely and efficiently. The intended message Do it now, dont wait till its too late

Human Resource Development and Workers Commitment in Nigeria

INTRODUCTION The focus of this paper is to examine the role of kind pick disclosement and fetchers shipment in arranging in circumstance and in Nigeria as a whole. For the pattern of this study, the idea of sympathetic imagery breeding and custody phylogeny will be used inter deepenably. In any face, it is the manpower who is considered important as put to suithers for the achievement of schemeal goals. Every industry desires to maximize its benignantity options to learn that the best output is achieved.Therefore, human imaginativenessfulness development policies atomic number 18 closely associated to that aspect of human resource management that is concerned with beautifying in people and developing the organizations human capital. book (1989) in his view say unriva guide of the primary objectives of human resource management is the creation of stipulation whereby the latent potential of employees will be realized and their perpetration to the causes o f the organization secured.This latent potential is interpreted to include, non only the capacity to acquire and utilize new skills and knowledge but withal a hitherto untapped wealth of ideas about how the organizations operations might be breach ordered. The issue for employers goes beyond the need to upgrade the skills of the current sourforce. It is also necessary to equip future entrants to the workforce with the requisite development which make them trainable for emerging and constantly changing skills requirement.It is widely distributedly countd that if everyplaceall human conditions argon to improve, thither must be increase emphasis on human resources development. Appropriately, such development issues for append in productivity, rise competitiveness and support economic growth. The importance of human resources development is obvious when bingle considered that in any economic activity, it is the human element that commands, direct, organizes, controls and m aximizes. CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION preparation and development remain a major component of human resource development.By definition, human resource (HR) is the manpower, employee or worker indispensable by an organization be it public or private to enable it achieves its predetermined objectives. That is, the purpose for which it is set up. It could mean the entire human resource (skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled) available within the republic. merciful resource development or otherwise manpower development is a continuous wreak of impacting new information, skills, attitude and ideas to employees dictated by the requirement of logical argument change. It is a means of overcoming employee obsolescence with and through education and homework.In other words, HR-development is a means by which employees are kept current on their official duties, this means in effect that it is the member of preparing the make out quantitative and qualitative human asset in a nation or org anization so that they displace move with the nation or organizations as they develop, change and grow. charitable resources development is a gang of preparedness and education that ensure the continual improvement and growth of both(prenominal) the individual and the organization. Adam smith stated that, the capacities of individuals depended on their access to education.In economic term, it could be describe as the accumulation of human capital and its sound investment funds in the development of a nations economy. In policy- make term, manpower or HR development prepares people for adult participation in semipolitical process particularly as a citizen in democratic country. On the whole, HRD is the process of programning and controlling the port in which a persons performance and potentials are developed by training and educational development programmes. WORKERS COMMITMENT A wide variety of definitions and measure of workers commitment exist.Beckeri, Randal, and Riegel (1995) defined the term in a three dimensions 1. a strong desire to remain a member of a particular organization 2. a willingness to exert high levels of efforts on behalf of the organization 3. a define belief in and acceptability of the values and goals of the organization. To Northcraft and Neale (1996), commitment is an attitude reflecting an employees loyalty to the organization, and an ongoing process through which organization members enunciate their concern for the organization and its continued success and thoroughly being.Organizational commitment is determined by a number of factors, including personal factors (e. g. , age, tenure in the organization, disposition, internal or external control attributions) organizational factors (job design and the leadership style of ones supervisor) non-organizational factors (availability of alternatives). either these things affect attendant commitment (Nortcraft and Neale, 1996). Mowday, Porter, and Steer (1982) see commitment as trammel and loyalty. These authors describe three components of commitment ? an identification with the goals and values of the organization ?A desire to belong to the organization. ?A willingness to display effort on behalf of the organization. A similar definition of commitment emphasizes the importance of behaviour in creating it. Salancik (1977) conceives commitment as a state of being in which an individual becomes bound by his actions and it is these actions that take hold his activities and call forment. From this definition, it can be inferred that three features of behavior are important in binding individuals to act profile of acts, the extent to which the outcomes are irrevocable and the degree to which the person undertakes the action voluntarily.To Salancik therefore, commitment can be change magnitude and harnessed to obtain support for the organizational ends and interests through such things as participation in decision-making. THE human relationship BETWEEN HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND WORKERS COMMITMENT IN NIGERIA The most important strategy for productivity improvement is based on the fact that human productivity, both high and low is determined by the attitudes of all those who work in the enterprise. Thus, to improve labour commitment, it is necessary to change attitude towards positive drive.These changes develop positive attitudes and an organizational culture which will be favourable towards productivity improvement as well as technological changes. To improve productivity, it is therefore necessary to manage change this means motivating, inducing and generating change. Ashton and Felstead (1995) go out the investment by an organisation in the skills of employees as a litmus test for a change in the way they are manages. First, the replacement of the words training cost with investment responses to the outcomes of HRD where the continuation of believe training s a short-term cost has persistently acted as a powerful suspen sion system of many training strategies. Having defined human resource development as the study and pull of increasing the learning capacity of individuals, groups, collectives, and organizations through the development and application of learning-based encumbrances for the purpose of optimizing human and organizational growth and tellingness, it is indicated that orb training enhances employees organizational commitment. Sharma 1989 had also found a correlation between training and organizational commitment.Organizations that toss employees a relative high degree of development opportunities and internal career possibilities were also found to make opportunities has also been reported to have a positive effect on perceived rationalism of the vocation relation, which is also said to have accounted for higher(prenominal) levels of commitment and job satisfaction. In organizations that offer training opportunities, employee commitment and citizenship behaviour are found to be h igher than in organizations that do not offer the same.Studies has also shown that violation of perceived training obligations pass in reduced organizational commitment and increased intentions to take leave the organization. Tannenbaum et al. (1991) found that naval recruits who participated in an 8-week training held higher levels of affective commitment than before the training. EQUITY supposition The theory was propounded by Adam Staley John in 1963 and this theory calls for a fair balance to be struck between an employees scuttlebutt (hard work, skill level, tolerance, enthusiasm etc. ) and employees output (salary, benefits, acquaintance etc).According to the theory, finding this fair balance serves to ensure a strong and productive relationship achieved with the employee, with the overall result being contended, motivated employees. Adams Equity Theory acknowledges that subtle and variable factors affect an employee sagaciousness and perception of their relationship wit h their work and their employer. The theory is built on the belief that employees become de-motivated, both in relation to their job and their employer if they feel as though their foreplays are greater than the output.This theory also compares the input and output between different workers at different levels. Bringing this theory to the level of work commitment in Nigeria, it will be noted that workers are highly de-motivated because of the inequality between their various input and their output. For instance, comparing the input of a University Professor with that of a Senator and relating it to their output, this will highly de-motivate professor to work. And these are round(prenominal) of the problem affecting workers commitment in Nigeria.HUMAN CAPITAL THEORY Human Capital theory was proposed by Schultz (1961) and developed extensively by Becker (1964). According to the theory, it suggests that education or training raises the productivity of workers by imparting useful kn owledge and skills, hence raising workers future income by increasing their lifetime earnings (Becker, 1994). It postulates that outlay on training and education is costly, and should be considered an investment since it is undertaken with a view to increasing personal incomes.The human capital approach is often used to explain occupational earnings differentials. Human capital can be viewed in general terms, such as the ability to read and write, or in specialised terms, such as the acquisition of a particular skill with a limited industrial application. In his view, human capital is similar to physical means of occupation, e. g. , factories and machines one can invest in human capital (via education, training, medical treatment) and ones outputs depend partly on the rate of return on the human capital one owns.Thus, human capital is a means of production, into which additive investment yields rundownal output. Human capital is substitutable, but not transferable like land, l abor, or fixed capital. This suggest that for human resource development to be effective and for workers to be more(prenominal) committed to the organization, the organizations concerned need to be more involved in the training and re-training of its workforce. THE HUMAN CAPITAL MODELThe human capital model suggests that an individuals decision to invest in training is based upon an examination of the net present value of the costs and benefits of such an investment. Individuals are assumed to invest in training during an initial outcome and receive returns to the investment in subsequent periods. Workers pay for training by receiving a wage which is lower than what could be received elsewhere plot being trained. Since training is thought to make workers more productive, workers collect the returns from their investment in later periods through higher marginal roducts and higher wages. Human capital models usually decompose training into particular training, which increases prod uctivity in only one firm, and general training, which increases productivity in more than one firm. Purely general training is financed by workers, and the workers receive all of the returns to this training. In contrast, employees and employers will share in the costs and returns of specific training. Despite these differences between general and specific training, the model predicts that both forms of training lower the starting wage and increase wage growth.THE NIGERIAN CONTEXT Human resource development in Nigeria has come a long way, but the process of actual resource development has been very gradual. Nigerian attempt at human resources development in particular cannot be separated from the countrys post-colonial attempt at accelerated education and industrialization. In a broader sense, every post colonial disposals investment in education has been for the purpose of providing the manpower which the nation needs in it private and public sectors.This led to the origination of three (3) Universities by the three regional governments of West, East, and the North (University of Ibadan which is the first) and the establishment of University of Lagos by the federal government all within the first decade of post independence Nigeria. As a result of the countrys quest for technological development, polytechnics and universities of technology as stream in the 1970s, 80s, and 90s. Provision of universities and polytechnics education were meant to provide the matter economy with the manpower it needs to develop and expand.The emphasis on formal and higher education as a basis of national human resource development was quite apparent in all the national development plans of post independence Nigeria. Gradually, the nations economic planners shifted attention to intervention in the areas of training and manpower development. In fairness to our earlier economic planners, Onasanya (2005) believes that without education, there can be no training and without the tw o, there can be no development. organizations attempt at strengthening training and development in the national economy led to the establishment of the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in 1971 Administrative and Staff Training College of Nigeria (ASCON) in 1973 and Centre for Management Development (CMD) in 1976. The idea behind the three establishments is the provision of consultancy on training needs all enterprise, training higher level manpower staff, and conducting research into problems of manpower and administration in public and private sectors.Onasanya (2005) also believe governments intervention as stated above must be appreciated in the Nigeria context because, until recently, and probably until the intervention of the government (training was one of the ill-managed and haphazardly comprehendd areas of modern enterprises. Training and development was seen as a waste of a workers labour hours (to his employer) and a way of denying the employer the service of the employee. T he above analysis is not to take away the concerted effort in the public and private sectors towards training and human resource development.Public sector workers have many structured training programmes and many government have a ministry of establishment and training, as well as designated training centres. In the private sector, some notable sectors such as banking, telecommunications, and manufacturing industries are more proficient in training today than in the past. The efficiency of manpower training and new technology has suspensored these sectors in terms of better service delivery. But, are workers really committed in Nigeria?Workers commitment or otherwise in Nigeria is more than whether there human capacity is developed because there are many factors affecting workers motivation and commitment in Nigeria. The global economic meltdown has meant slight security for workers in Nigeria and throughout the world. Even good workers do lose their jobs at these times, hence te am spirit is generally low. Other factors such as culture, god-fatherism, ICT and other modern technologies have impacted negatively on workers morale and productivity in Nigeria. The gradual decimation of the power of labour unions have also not helped matter.TOOLS/ order FOR MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN ORGANIZATIONS The tools and regularitys for manpower development in organizations differs, and it is largely determined by the objectives of organizations, the idiosyncrasy of management staff or the chief executive, the organizational policy, as well as the organizational milieu to mention a few. Thus, it is a common feature to see rules for manpower development varying from one organization to the other, just as a given organization can be tailored at adopting different methods at different times or a combination of techniques t the same time. However, some methods for manpower development are stated below 1. Orientation This method of manpower development could be said to be an i ntegral part of the recruitment exercise in that once an employee has been found appointable, it is anticipate that such an employee need to be positively oriented in line with the vision and aspiration of the organization for effective discharge of function. And since employee function in an organization is fundamentally affected by his perception of the organization vis-a-vis the rules and principles that exist in the organization.It therefore follow that an employee undergoes formal and informal taste in a place of work. While the formal orientation focuses on job specification and occupational demands placed on the employee, the informal orientation involve the social interaction that take place in the place of work which could each boost productivity or be detrimental to it (Koontz et al. 1980). Orientation therefore, as a method of manpower development is quite indispensable because it helps in boosting the productivity of workers which is needed for competing in the global merchandise of the 21st century. . On the furrow Method of Manpower Development This method is basically different from the orientation method in that while orientation is at the point of entry into the organization or a new assignment on the job method is a process through which knowledge and consume are acquired over a period of time either formally or informally. This process involve the following (a)Coaching This is a method of on the job training and development in which a materialisation employee is attached to a senior employee with the purpose of acquiring knowledge and experience needed for the performance of tasks. Yalokwu, 2000). (b) Job Rotation This method either involve the movement of an employee from one official assignment or division to the other, in order for the employee to be acquainted with the different aspects of the work process or through job enlargement that is, given additional responsibility to an employee who has been uplifted as a result of the acquisition of additional skill or knowledge (Yalokwu, 2000 Lawal, 2006). (c) in House Training This involve a formal method of on the job training n which skills and knowledge are acquired by employees through internally nonionized seminars and workshops geared toward updating the workers with new techniques or skills associated with the performance of their jobs. (Lawal, 2006). (d) In Service Training These methods involve training outside the organization or workplace in higher institution of learning or vocational centres under the sponsorship of the organization or on terms that may be agreed upon between the organization and the worker (Lawal, 2006). 3.Committee/Work Group Method This method entails manpower development through the involvement of employees in meetings, committees and work group discussion geared towards injecting inputs in form of decision making as deal solving organizational problem. This method is quite indispensable, especially in the aspect of training employees for managerial functions or heading organizational units. 4. Vestibule Training Method This is a method of manpower development through the acquisition of skills in a related working environment (Nongo, 2005).Under this method the trainee practices his skill with identical equipment that he uses or he is expected to use in his actual place of work. This method is most competent for sensitive operations where maximal perfection is expected. The purpose is therefore to enable perfection at work place. 5. Apprenticeship Method This method of manpower development involve the acquisition of skill through extensive practice for over a period of time by the trainee. This type of manpower development device could either be formal or informal.In the informal environments the trainee is attached to the trainer, and he/she is expected to pay for an agreed period of apprenticeship (Nongo, 2005). In the formal environment on the other hand, an employee of an organization could be plac ed under apprenticeship in the organization with pay. THE RELEVANCE OF MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA 1. Economic Development The relevance of manpower development in Nigeria could be situated vis-a-vis economic development. This is because manpower development captures the actual meaning of development in that it is people centered (cosmos Bank 1991 Grawboski and Shields 1996).In addition, it involves the building of capacity and harnessing the States human resource which cook a sine-qua-non for development. The above advantage was vividly conceptualized by Harbison (1973) when he stated that Human resources constitute the ultimate basis for wealth of nations, capital and natural resources are passive factors of production human beings are the active agents who accumulate capital, exploit natural resources, build social, economic and political organizations, and carry forward national development.Clearly a country which is unable to develop the skills and knowledge of its people and to utilize them effectively in the national economy will be unable to develop anything else. 2. Political Stability There is no discredit that a country which fails to adequately develop her manpower would be doing so at the expense of her socio-economic and political stability.In the aspect of political stability, Omodia (2004) stressed the dysfunctional use of the nations human resource among the youths in propelling political unstableness when he stated that there has been situations in which the Nigerian youth especially, those of pitiful family background were used as tools for disrupting the political democratic system through rigging, thuggery and ethnic conflicts. These factors of rigging, thuggery in addition to economic mismanagement, personal ambition or selfishness among others, were the factors that terminated the First and Second Republic.Thus, manpower development could help the youths in the development of self and in improving the quality of their political p articipation. 3. Poverty Alleviation It has been argued that effective poverty alleviation scheme must involve the development and utilization of local resource including human for solving local problems (Robb, 2000 Omodia, 2005). Thus, manpower development is central to solving the present problem of poverty in Nigeria. CHALLENGES FACING MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA 1.Colonial Experience There have been several arguments regarding the distortions in manpower development of national growth in Nigeria as a result of colonialism which was fashioned towards economic developing (Ekpo, 1989 Ake, 2001 Dauda, 2003). It could be recalled that the advent of colonialism led to the integration of the Nigerian economy into the World Capitalist System thereby placing minimum premium on labour when compared to other factors of production. This miserable performance of indigenous labour by the colonial government no doubt has persisted in the post-colonial Nigerian State.As a result, this pro blem account for the privation of adequate attention given to labour as a critical part of the production process in Nigeria. 2. Poor Political Leadership Closely related to the problem of colonial experience as a problem of manpower development in Nigeria is poor political leadership which is further heighten the problem of manpower development in Nigeria. This factor has manifested itself in poor funding of education over the years (Baikie, 2002), disparity or class in manpower development between children of the rich and the poor (Omodia, 2006). 3.Poor Manpower Planning This problem is associated with the poor data base that is needed for manpower planning in Nigeria both in the rural and urban centers. This problem no doubt constitutes a major birth control device on effective manpower development in Nigeria (Baikie, 2002 Oku 2003). 4. Poor Funding Nigerias democracy has heighten the practice of human resource development, determining the quota of expatriates it permits. Nig erias economy allows the importation of new technology to enhance human resource development, but training is still a bit slow, thus employment of expatriates to handle such is still encouraged.In Nigeria there is application of new management techniques and skills used in the running of organizations. All aimed at running cost effective system. 5. The socio-cultural diversity of Nigeria has influenced the human resource management practices in Nigeria. Nigeria is characterized by over reliance on culture, language, religion, gender and educational qualifications as a basis for determining who get employed and who need to be trained and re-trained. What this means is that, the opportunity for an average Nigeria to get employed is a factor of the aforementioned cases. CONCLUSIONThis paper have been able to situate or relate what could be referred to as manpower underdevelopment to socio-economic and political problems in Nigeria by looking at such factors as poverty, political instab ility and economic underdevelopment. From this background, it is therefore important to conclude that human resource development as a concept and method should be able to take its rightful place as a tool for development in Nigeria through the recognition of the fact that it is the most active and indispensable in the process of production even in the global age of the 21st century.RECOMMENDATION FOR EFFECTIVE MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA The options recommended for effective manpower development in Nigeria could be viewed from two basic perspectives 1. The option of an enhanced regulatory aptitude on the part of government for effective reinforcement of manpower policies. This is quite indispensable based on the need to ensure quality manpower development irrespective of sex, class, ethnic affiliation to mention a few.This point could best be appreciated considering the liberal nature of most government policies which tend to snowball into elitist benefit in terms of policy out come. 2. The need for government to be persuasive in making organizations embraces well designed policies at improving the development of manpower in Nigeria. This could be done both internally and externally. Internally, organizations should be made to see reasons why a careful manpower development plan should form part of their plans and objectives for the financial year.As a matter of fact, the success of organizations should not only be deliberate in terms of the magnitude of profit through the adoption of outdated personnel administration technique, but, basically on the parcel of the organization in enlarging the confidence of its workers through manpower development. The external factor involves the contribution of organization to the development of manpower through financial support meant to boost adult education, vocational education, and specialised research institutes to mention a few. REFERENCES Ake, C. (2001) Democracy and Development in Africa. Ibadan Spectrum BooksL imited. Baikie, A. (2002) Recurrent Issues in Nigeria Education. Zaria Tamaza publishing Company. Becker, G. S. (1964) Human capital. New York Columbia University Press. Dauda, S. 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